Anthroposophy and the Natural Sciences

C O N T E N T S & S Y N O P S E S 

Introduction by Wolfgang Zumdick

PART I

Spiritual Science, Natural Science, and Technology (STUTTGART, JUNE 17, 1920): Characteristic forms of spiritual-scientific research methods. Experiencing the spiritual in its concrete form through perceiving consciousness. Transformation of the configuration of the soul of the human being in the course of the development of humanity. Transition from mere observation of nature to the grasping of nature through experimentation. The desire for knowledge of natural science connected with the desire to copy nature. The soul’s understanding of technology. The developing of a one-sided technological consciousness in the pragmatism of American philosophy. The new technological experience as preparation for pure experience of spirituality.

Anthroposophy:  Its Essence and Its Philosophical Foundations (BERN, JULY 8, 1920): Anthroposophy and the question of the conscience of our time. Transformation of the entire human soul life as a requirement for researching the world. The boundaries of the knowledge of nature as the first point of connection. The attempt of conventional philosophy to go beyond these boundaries through intellectual methods. The fundamentally different approach of anthroposophic spiritual science. Meditation and concentration as one aspect of spiritual- scientific research. About the characteristic of the meditation exercises and their results. The illusory nature of the usual mysticism as the second point of connection. Individual training as the other side of this spiritual-scientific method of research. Knowledge of nature and self-knowledge as both pillars of human knowledge. Considering the soul-spiritual as the essential aspect of the scientific. The grasping of human nature through the development of an understanding for the spiritual, soul, and bodily nature of the human being. Steiner’s years-long fight against Kant’s system. The transitory nature of matter and force. The necessary birth of a new spiritual life. The appeal to the will of each individual. The task of today’s youth.

PART II

Natural Science and Anthroposophy (ZÜRICH, JUNE 4, 1921): The natural-scientific method as starting point for Anthroposophy. Fundamental elements of a natural-scientific worldview. Insufficient prerequisites for the understanding of human freedom. The example of Franz Brentano and his psychology. Pure thinking as prerequisite for experiencing freedom. The experience of a non-reality from the example of “I think, therefore I am not.” The extent to which the opposite statement from René Descartes is based on an error. Meditation based on the view of the anthroposophical method of research. Imaginative insight as conscious creating of pictures or images. The attempt to attain the reality of the spiritual world. From imaginative on through inspirational to intuitive consciousness. The extent to which an optimistic view of the world is justified. The difference between imaginative ideas or pictures and hallucinations. Mystical experiences as a reflection of bodily processes. The knowledge of the inner nature of matter through Anthroposophy. The agnosticism of modern spiritual life as a hindrance to research; the intentions of Anthroposophy.

Disputation Evening: On Natural-Scientific Questions (ZÜRICH, JUNE 4, 1921): Without pain, no knowledge. Development of free thinking as necessity for avoiding social decline. The flight from real life. The threefold suffering of Nietzsche in relation to the development modern times. The inaccessibility of the pantheistic talk of spirit. Demand for the transformation of spiritual knowledge into the concrete. Finding a practical way into the artistic and the social through Anthroposophy. Expressionism and Futurism. The inability of Goethe to break through entirely into the spiritual. The personal life as starting point. Basis for the emphasis on human preexistence through Anthroposophy. Vaccinations. The principal of good or proper comprehension as prerequisite for the success of a meditation. A radical error of the present time: the view of the prerequisite of brain activity for all spirituality. The human being as a citizen of the cosmos.

PART III

Anthroposophy and Science (BASEL, NOVEMBER 2, 1921): The special methods of knowledge of Anthroposophy. Imaginative consciousness as the first stage of higher knowledge. Inner pictorial thinking in contrast to ordinary abstract thinking. The unsatisfactory state of today’s psychology. On the relationship of thinking, feeling, and willing. The arbitrariness of subjective willing in the thought life. Its replacement by the objective willing that lives in sense perception. The objective character of imaginative thinking. The document by Heinrich Schramm as an example characteristic of a mathematical worldview. The pessimism of Edouard von Hartmann and the fight against it by Steiner in The Philosophy of Freedom. The “thinking in forms” by Goethe. The legitimacy of abstract thinking for the inorganic world. For the organic world thinking in forms is necessary. The image of one’s own life from birth to the present time as a result of imaginative perception. The second stage of suprasensory knowledge: the inspirational consciousness. Insight into one’s own spiritual nature. The third stage of suprasensory knowledge: intuitive consciousness. Seeing the working of the spiritual world. Bringing world knowledge out of true knowledge of the human being as a central desire of Anthroposophy. Concerning the objection to autosuggestion in the document by Albert Sichler. The principle of the wrong polemics against Anthroposophy. Agreement between science and Anthroposophy. The usual views on the origin or beginning of the Earth and on the end of the Earth. The brain as foundation of thinking and not its cause. Continuous death processes in the human being. Moral values as real seed of the future.

Agnosticism in Science (LEIPZIG, MAY 11, 1922): Part 1: Concerning agnosticism in scientific thinking. Comments on Kant’s statement that in science there is only as much science to be found as there is mathematics in it. Phenomenalism as scientific method of research and how natural science undermines its own a priori. Agnosticism as logical consequence of phenomenalism. The catharsis of Greek tragedy as healing and health process for the soul. In the Middle Ages, human beings did not see the mathematical in nature but rather the moral. The Philosophy of Freedom as the effort to bring the moral law out of the suprasensory world, just as natural science brings it out of nature. Part 2: Thinking as starting point for inner development. On body-free thinking and the perception of the body as object. Body-free, imaginative thinking as pictorial metamorphosing thinking. The human life and space-and-time organism. The past as the present. Imaginative knowledge grasps the Urbild (archetype) of the plants. What Anthroposophy adds to natural-scientific agnosticism. Inspirational knowledge. Thinking as destructive process. Pathology and therapy. Overcoming medical agnosticism. Inner transformation through the conscious willing and enlivening of the soul-spiritual existence through intuitive knowledge. Overcoming social agnosticism.

Rudolf Steiner

Rudolf Steiner (b. Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner, 1861–1925) was born in the small village of Kraljevec, Austro-Hungarian Empire (now in Croatia), where he grew up. As a young man, he lived in Weimar and Berlin, where he became a well-published scientific, literary, and philosophical scholar, known especially for his work with Goethe’s scientific writings. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he began to develop his early philosophical principles into an approach to systematic research into psychological and spiritual phenomena. Formally beginning his spiritual teaching career under the auspices of the Theosophical Society, Steiner came to use the term Anthroposophy (and spiritual science) for his philosophy, spiritual research, and findings. The influence of Steiner’s multifaceted genius has led to innovative and holistic approaches in medicine, various therapies, philosophy, religious renewal, Waldorf education, education for special needs, threefold economics, biodynamic agriculture, Goethean science, architecture, and the arts of drama, speech, and eurythmy. In 1924, Rudolf Steiner founded the General Anthroposophical Society, which today has branches throughout the world. He died in Dornach, Switzerland.